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The findings presented here suggest that mercury poisoning from dental amalgams may play a role in the etiology of oral health disorders in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Comparsions between MS subjects with dental amalgams and a control group of MS subjects without amalgams found significantly fewer oral cavity symptoms per subject in the amalgam-removal group during twelve months. They had fewer symptoms of metallic taste, foul breath, grinding teeth, and loss of taste. MS subjects with amalgam removal had significantly higher counts of total T-lymphocytes, T-8 suppressor cells, and a lower T-4 helper to T-8 suppressor ratio. The MS amalgam group had significantly lower levels of IgG, and the female MS amalgam subjects had significantly lower levels of IgM. The hair mercury levels of MS patients were significantly higher when compared to a control group of non-MS subjects.

RESULTS:
Of 19 patients with OLL adjacent to amalgam fillings, 15 (78.9%) were sensitized to inorganic mercury (INM), significantly more than those with OLL not adjacent to amalgam, other oral diseases or complaints, and the control group. In 5 of 15 (33.3%) of the patients with OLL, a positive patch test to INM was observed only at D10 or D17. Amalgam was removed in 18 patients with OLL (sensitization to INM: 15), and in 11 patients with OLP (sensitization to INM: 2). After removal, the lesions of 13 of 15 of the INM-sensitized patients with OLL (86. 7%) and 2 with OLP healed or improved significantly, but this was not observed with the INM negative patients. Frequency of sensitization to gold sodium thiosulfate (GST) and palladium chloride 1% pet (PDC) was high in all groups. This was partly because readings were performed late. Lesions of 2 patients with allergic contact stomatitis caused by gold and 1 caused by palladium healed completely after removal of these restorations. Histologically, lichenoid changes were observed in 14 of 36 biopsy specimens of positive patch tests from INM (9/21), GST (2/10), and PDC (3/5) in all patient groups, mainly in persistent patch tests at D10 or D17. This was not observed in 12 biopsy specimens taken from persistent patch tests from other substances, including nickel sulfate.

CONCLUSION:
Our results suggest that sensitization to mercury is an important cause of OLL, whether all lesions or only a part of them are adjacent to amalgam fillings. Sensitization to GST may reflect true gold allergy and should be considered as a cause of oral diseases in some patients. Sensitization to PDC is frequent but has yet only little clinical relevance. Patch tests may be positive only at D10 or D17. This suggests the importance of additional readings of GST, PDC, and mercury salts at this time.

BACKGROUND:
Mercury, or Hg, is a neurotoxin that has been speculated to play a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, or AD. Dental amalgam releases low levels of Hg vapor and is a potential source of Hg for a large segment of the adult population.

METHODS:
The authors studied 68 subjects with AD and 33 control subjects without AD to determine Hg levels in multiple brain regions at autopsy and to ascertain the subjects’ dental amalgam status and history. The subjects were from central Kentucky and Elm Grove, Wis. The authors conducted dental amalgam assessments during the lives of the majority of subjects and in some subjects at the time of autopsy only. The authors also determined three dental amalgam index scores–Event (placement, repair or removal of amalgam), Location and Time In Mouth–in addition to the numbers of and surface area of occlusal amalgam restorations. The authors determined Hg levels in multiple brain regions and performed full neuropathologic evaluations to confirm the normal status of the brain or the presence of AD.

RESULTS:
The authors found no significant association of AD with the number, surface area or history of having dental amalgam restorations. They also found no statistically significant differences in brain Hg level between subjects with AD and control subjects.

CONCLUSIONS:
Hg in dental amalgam restorations does not appear to be a neurotoxic factor in the pathogenesis of AD. The authors found that brain Hg levels are not associated with dental amalgam, either from existing amalgam restorations or according to subjects’ dental amalgam restoration history.

Recent studies have investigated a mercury-free silver alternative to amalgam, but the silver powders required a relatively high compaction pressure to consolidate. The aim of the present study was to consolidate a precipitated silver powder into a cohesive solid using an air-driven pneumatic condenser fitted with an amalgam plugger at a clinically realistic load, and to study the mechanisms and rates of three-body wear of the consolidated silver in comparison with that of an amalgam. The silver powder was annealed, rinsed with a dilute acid, and consolidated either in a prepared tooth cavity or in a specimen mold at a load of 15 N. A four-station wear machine was used where each specimen was immersed in a slurry containing polymethyl methacrylate beads, then a steel pin was loaded and rotated against the specimen at a maximum load of 76 N. The flexural strength in MPa (mean +/- SD; n = 10) was 86 +/- 20 for amalgam, 181 +/- 45 for silver with a polished surface, and 202 +/- 21 for silver with a burnished surface. After 4 x 10(5) wear cycles, the wear scar depth in microm was 134 +/- 54 for amalgam, 143 +/- 8 for polished silver, and 131 +/- 9 for burnished silver, which were not significantly different (Tukey’s multiple comparison test; family confidence coefficient = 0.95). SEM examination revealed cracks and fracture pits in the worn surface of amalgam, in contrast to a smooth surface in silver. Wear and material removal in amalgam occurred by microfracture and dislodgement of cracked segments, while wear in the silver occurred by ductile deformation and flow of materials. To conclude, the consolidated silver possesses a three-body wear resistance similar to that of amalgam, and a higher resistance to wear-induced damage and cracking than amalgam. The mechanism of wear in amalgam is microfracture and material dislodgement, while that in consolidated silver is ductile deformation and flow of material.

The goal of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of stand-alone modular air purification sys-tems in improving air quality in dental practices, hospital and laboratory environments. As air pollu-tant make-up and concentration may vary significantly in different indoor environments, the air clean-ing technologies utilised should be optimised for the pollutants targeted in a particular environment. Reduction of mercury vapours and formaldehyde were examined because of their importance for indoor air quality in dental practices. In addition, the reduction of particles and microorganisms was investigated as well as the removal of substances which are noticeable due to their strong odours. The air purifiers used in the study were configured to contain the most suitable air cleaning technology for each of the indoor environments. The systems use high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA/ULPA) filters, activated carbon-based filters with and without impregnation and/or activated alumina-based filters with impregnation. The maximum airflow of the systems ranges between 220 and 500 m3/h, depending on the filter configuration. The units were investigated under laboratory and simulated field conditions to determine removal efficiencies for various substances. High removal efficiencies for mercury vapour, formaldehyde, particles and microorganisms could be observed. The elimination of strong odours (orange oil, cinnamon oil and menthol) is difficult, if the source of the odour is not removed. The unit’s effectiveness in dental practices and in hospital treatment rooms will be analysed in follow-up studies including personal bio-monitoring investigations. The data will facilitate the evaluation of the role that optimised air purification systems can play in reducing pollutant exposure of medical personnel and patients.