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Periodontal disease (PD) is generated by microorganisms. These microbes can enter the general circulation causing a bacteraemia. The result can be adverse systemic effects, which could promote conditions such as cardiovascular disease. Level A evidence supports that PD is independently associated with arterial disease. PD is a common chronic condition affecting the majority of Americans 30 years of age and older. Atherosclerosis remains the largest cause of death and disability. Studies indicate that the adverse cardiovascular effects from PD are due to a few putative or high-risk bacteria: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola or Fusobacterium nucleatum There are three accepted essential elements in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: lipoprotein serum concentration, endothelial permeability and binding of lipoproteins in the arterial intima. There is scientific evidence that PD caused by the high-risk pathogens can influence the pathogenesis triad in an adverse manner. With this appreciation, it is reasonable to state PD, due to high-risk pathogens, is a contributory cause of atherosclerosis. Distinguishing this type of PD as causal provides a significant opportunity to reduce arterial disease.

The World Health Organization guideline to use less sugar may be an opportunity and support for dentistry in its goal to get the message of using less sugar across to the public. Two ways (with all the combinations of these) to achieve a reduction of sugar consumption are the reduction of the amount of sugar in products or the reduction of the frequency of consumption of sugar-containing products. Which sugar-reducing strategy is best for caries prevention? To answer this question, this manuscript discusses the shape of the dose-response association between sugar intake and caries, the influence of fluoridated toothpaste on the association of sugar intake and caries and the relative contribution of frequency and amount of sugar intake to caries levels. The results suggest that when fluoride is appropriately used, the relation between sugar consumption and caries is very low or absent. The high correlation between amount and frequency hampers the decision related to which of both is of more importance, but frequency (and stickiness) fits better in our understanding of the caries process. Reducing the amount without reducing the frequency does not seem to be an effective caries preventive approach in contrast to the reciprocity. Goals set in terms of frequency may also be more tangible for patients to follow than goals set in amount. Yet, in sessions of dietary counselling to prevent dental caries, the counsellor should not forget the importance of quality tooth brushing with fluoride toothpaste.

Introduction: Influenza is an acute respiratory disease with significant annual global morbidity/mortality. Influenza transmission occurs in distinct seasonal patterns suggesting an importance of climate conditions on disease pathogenesis. This hypothesis-testing study evaluated microenvironment conditions within different demographic/geographical groups on seasonal influenza deaths in the United States.

Materials and methods:The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Wonder online computer interface was utilized to integrate and analyze potential correlations in data generated from 1999 through 2011 for climate conditions of mean daily sunlight (KJ/m2), mean daily maximum air temperature (oC), mean daily minimum air temperature (oC), and mean daily precipitation (mm) from the North America Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) database and on influenza mortality (ICD-10 codes:J09, J10, or J11) from the Underlying Cause of Death database.

Results and discussion:Significant inverse correlations between the climate conditions of temperature, sunlight, and precipitation and seasonal influenza death rate were observed. Similar effects were observed among males and females, but when the data were separated by race and urbanization status significant differences were observed.

Conclusion: This study highlights key factors that can help shape public health policy to deal with seasonal influenza in the United States and beyond.

Background: A current research disagreement middles about a theorized connection between chronic oral infections and the progress of adverse systemic health conditions. However, the gap between general and dental medicine is quickly closing, due to significant findings supporting the association between dental infections and systemic conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, respiratory diseases, stroke, adverse pregnancy outcomes, osteoporosis, renal diseases, and gastrointestinal diseases. Relentless efforts have brought light on numerous advances in illuminating their etiopathological links. However, the majority of data about possible role or interlink between the infection and systemic disease is available in the form of case report or summary. As case reports are not the acceptable to many indexed scientific magazines, many these findings undergo unnoticed to researchers. The currently minimal accessible data provide only an indication of the actuality.

Aim: This article highlights the Role of oral foci in systemic diseases.

Conclusion: There is need of sincere work efforts on genetic relatedness of organisms, rather than their phenotypes, sophisticated sampling, detection, and analytical techniques to create the associations. To give insight to recent apprises of different systemic diseases as a consequence of primary oral infections and the pathogenesis link. The odontogenic bacteremia is likely to cause systemic and end organ infections, but such infections can easily resist by body defenses. It is important that role of good oral health and the risks associated with poor oral health should told to the individuals.

Clinical significance: Dentists and medical practitioners should work together to provide comprehensive health care, thereby reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with oral infections.

INTRODUCTION:

The purpose of this retrospective longitudinal cohort study was to evaluate the outcome of nonsurgical root canal treatment (NSRCT), expressed as survival for both periapical health and retention of roots/teeth, as determined by clinical evaluation, periapical film/digital radiography (PFR/DPR), and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) over 10 years, to determine the prognostic factors that influenced successful treatment outcomes.

METHODS:

A total of 132 teeth (208 roots) with vital pulp received NSRCT at a university clinic. Eighteen factors (preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative) were documented from the dental records and radiographs. Periapical indices with scores ≥2 (PFR/DPR) and ≥1 (CBCT) indicated the presence of a periapical lesion. Data were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier test and the Cox proportional hazards regression model (P < .05).

RESULTS:

The estimated 10-year overall survival rates for periapical health of roots/teeth were 89.4%/88.6% with PFR, 89.4%/89.3% with DPR, and 72.6%/69.7% with CBCT; the survival rate for root/tooth retention was 90.4%/91.6%.

CONCLUSIONS:

The long-term outcome of NSRCT expressed as survival for periapical health was different with each radiographic method. Approximately more than 90% of the roots/teeth were retained for up to 10 years. The prognostic factors for periapical health were the disinfection of gutta-percha, missed canals, age, treatment sessions, and density of root filling (voids); the age and presence of a post were for root/tooth retention.

Metal allergy is an uncommon and poorly understood cause of failure of orthopedic implants. To the authors’ knowledge, there have been no reports of the management of shoulder arthroplasty patients with metal allergy. The authors present their experience with the diagnosis and management of patients with metal allergy. Patients with metal allergy undergoing shoulder arthroplasty were identified through retrospective chart review from January 1, 2012, to January 31, 2015. Case characteristics collected included patient risk factors (age, sex, prior cutaneous reactions to metal), metal allergy factors (type of metal allergy, method of diagnosis), and surgery factors (implant type, primary/revision, type of shoulder arthroplasty). Outcomes measured included American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, Penn Shoulder Score, and Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score. Eleven patients were identified with metal allergy. Five were diagnosed prior to the index arthroplasty, and 6 were diagnosed after shoulder replacement. The diagnosis was made through skin patch testing, memory lymphocyte immunostimulation assay, or clinical history. Patients identified after implantation presented with progressive pain and stiffness, but none had cutaneous manifestations. Patients with metal allergy had better results undergoing primary shoulder arthroplasty than undergoing revision. Metal allergy is rare but may be a clinically significant cause of unsatisfactory shoulder arthroplasty. Given the superior results of primary shoulder arthroplasty compared with revision, screening for metal allergy by clinical history is recommended.

Objective

A retrospective and followup analysis of 331 cases of Chronic Fibrosing Osteomyelitis of the Jaws (CFOJ) in 227 patients. Study Design. Demographic, clinical, surgical and microscopic characteristics were tabulated for all patients. A followup mail survey was used to determine degree of symptom relief experienced since surgery.

Results

The female/male ratio approached 7/1 with a mean age of 53 years. The most common sites were the mandibular posterior followed by the maxillary posterior regions. Consistent clinical findings included intractable jaw pain mimicking odontogenic origin but unresponsive to usual therapies, minimal or undetectable radiographic abnormalities on plain films but dramatic radiolucencies detected on Cone Beam Computerized Tomography, and large cavities either empty or filled with blood mixed with lipid globules encountered at surgery. The most common histomorphologic findings were vital lamellar bone, prominent resting and reversal lines, microshards and splaying of trabeculae, rounded trabeculae, marrow fibrosis and pools of erythrocytes and lipid globules, often together. Moderate to complete relief of symptoms for periods up to 108 months post-surgery were reported by 83% of the 70 patients who returned the survey.

Conclusions

Based upon this study, CFOJ is a unique entity with consistent clinicopathologic features. Its features suggest a pathogenesis based on bone marrow ischemia. CFOJ can be treated on a rational basis with a justifiable expectation of success and probably cure.

Mastication is an indispensable oral function related to physical, mental, and social health throughout life. The elderly tend to have a masticatory dysfunction due to tooth loss and fragility in the masticatory muscles with aging, potentially resulting in impaired cognitive function. Masticatory stimulation has influence on the development of the central nervous system (CNS) as well as the growth of maxillofacial tissue in children. Although the relationship between mastication and cognitive function is potentially important in the growth period, the cellular and molecular mechanisms have not been sufficiently elucidated. Here, we show that the reduced mastication resulted in impaired spatial memory and learning function owing to the morphological change and decreased activity in the hippocampus. We used an in vivo model for reduced masticatory stimuli, in which juvenile mice were fed with powder diet and found that masticatory stimulation during the growth period positively regulated long-term spatial memory to promote cognitive function. The functional linkage between mastication and brain was validated by the decrease in neurons, neurogenesis, neuronal activity, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the hippocampus. These findings taken together provide in vivo evidence for a functional linkage between mastication and cognitive function in the growth period, suggesting a need for novel therapeutic strategies in masticatory function-related cognitive dysfunction.

Metal allergy is an uncommon and poorly understood cause of failure of orthopedic implants. To the authors’ knowledge, there have been no reports of the management of shoulder arthroplasty patients with metal allergy. The authors present their experience with the diagnosis and management of patients with metal allergy. Patients with metal allergy undergoing shoulder arthroplasty were identified through retrospective chart review from January 1, 2012, to January 31, 2015. Case characteristics collected included patient risk factors (age, sex, prior cutaneous reactions to metal), metal allergy factors (type of metal allergy, method of diagnosis), and surgery factors (implant type, primary/revision, type of shoulder arthroplasty). Outcomes measured included American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, Penn Shoulder Score, and Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score. Eleven patients were identified with metal allergy. Five were diagnosed prior to the index arthroplasty, and 6 were diagnosed after shoulder replacement. The diagnosis was made through skin patch testing, memory lymphocyte immunostimulation assay, or clinical history. Patients identified after implantation presented with progressive pain and stiffness, but none had cutaneous manifestations. Patients with metal allergy had better results undergoing primary shoulder arthroplasty than undergoing revision. Metal allergy is rare but may be a clinically significant cause of unsatisfactory shoulder arthroplasty. Given the superior results of primary shoulder arthroplasty compared with revision, screening for metal allergy by clinical history is recommended. [Orthopedics. 2017; 40(5):e844-e848.].