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OBJECTIVES:
During the treatment of chronic apical periodontitis and pulp necrosis the main role is to irrigate the root canal.

AIM:
The aim of this in vivo study was to irrigate with 0.9% NaCl (Natrium Chloride), 2.5 % NaOCl (Sodium Hypochlorite Solution, Sigma Aldrich – Germany) and 2% CHX (Chlorhexidine Digluconate Solution, Sigma Aldrich – Spain) combined with Gaseous Ozone (Prozone WH, Austria).

MATERIAL AND METHODS:
This study was realised in the University Dentistry Clinical Centre of Kosovo (UDCCK), respectively in the Department of Endodontic and Dental Pathology, Dental Branch, Faculty of Medicine, Prishtina, Kosovo. The 40 subjects involved in this study belonged to both genders, in age between 15 -65 years. The sample selection was randomised. The retroalveolar radiography for each patient was taken in the suspected tooth. As a therapeutic plan the authors decided to disinfect the root canal with the irrigants, as follows: 2.5 % NaOCl, 2 % CHX and gaseous ozone.

RESULTS:
The statistical analyses were based on Kruskal – Vallis test, X – test, DF = 3, r < 0.01. In the isolated average number of the aerobe and anaerobe bacteria colonies, when gaseous ozone was used, there was the significant statistical difference.

CONCLUSIONS:
When gaseous ozone was combined with irrigants 0.9%, 2.5 % NaOCl and 2% CHX, it was concluded that the number of colonies of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria was reduced.

OBJECTIVES:
Collaborative and/or integrative care between oral health and primary care providers can increase access to care to a more expansive population, helping to mitigate oral health related disease. The objective of this review was to present and evaluate different types of care models that exist between oral health and primary care providers in pediatric settings.

METHODS:
A literature search was conducted using five databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Dentistry and Oral Sciences Source, Cochrane Database, and EMBASE, to identify literature from January 1990 to January 2016. Combinations of controlled terms were utilized. Eligible sources targeted pediatric populations ages 1-17 and provided descriptions of existing collaborative and/or integrative models.

RESULTS:
Data related to the practice model, oral care provided, level of integration/collaboration and workflow were extracted. Sixteen articles were included that discussed 24 models of collaboration. These models provided ranges of services, but each offered a minimum of oral health risk assessment, oral health instruction, topical fluoride application and assessment for further treatment. These models included different levels of collaboration based off a ranking system created by the authors with 16.6 percent (4) classified as low, 54.2 percent (13) as medium and 29.2 percent (7) as high.

CONCLUSIONS:
Existing care models offered varying services and levels of integration and/or collaboration, but each offered a baseline of oral care. Most of these collaborations were based within Federally Qualified Health Centers and aimed to ease access to care issues.

INTRODUCTION:
This case uniquely reports a connection between endodontically infected teeth and systemic disease, and additionally presents ozone therapy as a unique therapy and immune system modulator. It is the world’s first such reported case and the treatment holds invaluable lessons in assessing the “unknown” causes of autoimmunity and inflammation. Additionally, it presents ozone therapy as a most needed unique, non-toxic and powerful anti-infective agent, anti-inflammatory and immune modulator.

CASE PRESENTATION:
The patient was a Mexican male field laborer, age 48 years, in inflammatory crisis with a confirmed case of dermatomyositis. He had received massive prednisone, and powerful immune suppressing drugs just to function, while disease still raged. I encountered him in the field in June 2012 with severe muscle pain, weakness, and diffuse generalized skin rash, essentially unable to do his work. Creatine kinase peaked at 9293 U/L. History and physical examination findings caused suspicion of subclinical infections in endodontically treated teeth. This impression was confirmed in subsequent dental evaluation. He fully recovered after dental infections were confirmed and surgically removed, while receiving ozone therapy until all symptoms and laboratory abnormalities normalized.

CONCLUSION:
Dental focus of occult infection may be a prime cause/trigger of autoimmune disorders and inflammatory disorders, requiring surgical intervention to remove. Ozone therapy, little known in conventional medicine, has been shown in the literature and in this case to be a powerful and safe immune modulator and anti-infective agent. This case has significant relevance across the entire spectrum of both medical and dental practice. It also emphasizes the need for individualized assessment and treatment rather than symptomatic pharmacological approaches treating a “disease” rather than the patient. Subclinical dental infection and ozone therapy are reviewed.

In 1965, the Sugar Research Foundation (SRF) secretly funded a review in the New England Journal of Medicine that discounted evidence linking sucrose consumption to blood lipid levels and hence coronary heart disease (CHD). SRF subsequently funded animal research to evaluate sucrose’s CHD risks. The objective of this study was to examine the planning, funding, and internal evaluation of an SRF-funded research project titled “Project 259: Dietary Carbohydrate and Blood Lipids in Germ-Free Rats,” led by Dr. W.F.R. Pover at the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom, between 1967 and 1971.

Conclusions: Minor increases in inflammation were associated with corresponding increases in features of depression, and these associations occurred in the absence of any physical symptoms. The influenza vaccine could be used to probe causal relationships with a high degree of ecological validity, even in high-risk and vulnerable populations, to better understand the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of depression.

Lead (Pb) is neurotoxic and children are highly susceptible to this effect, particularly within the context of continuous low-level Pb exposure. A current major challenge is identification of children who may be uniquely susceptible to Pb toxicity because of genetic predisposition. Learning and memory are among the neurobehavioral processes that are most notably affected by Pb exposure, and modification of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) that regulate these processes during development are postulated to underlie these adverse effects of Pb. We examined the hypothesis that polymorphic variants of genes encoding glutamate receptor, ionotropic, NMDAR subunits 2A and 2B, GRIN2A and GRIN2B, exacerbate the adverse effects of Pb exposure on these processes in children. Participants were subjects who participated as children in the Casa Pia Dental Amalgam Clinical Trial and for whom baseline blood Pb concentrations and annual neurobehavioral test results over the 7 year course of the clinical trial were available. Genotyping assays were performed for variants of GRIN2A (rs727605 and rs1070503) and GRIN2B (rs7301328 and rs1806201) on biological samples acquired from 330 of the original 507 trial participants. Regression modeling strategies were employed to evaluate the association between genotype status, Pb exposure, and neurobehavioral test outcomes. Numerous significant adverse interaction effects between variants of both GRIN2A and GRIN2B, individually and in combination, and Pb exposure were observed particularly among boys, preferentially within the domains of Learning & Memory and Executive Function. In contrast, very few interaction effects were observed among similarly genotyped girls with comparable Pb exposure. These findings support observations of an essential role of GRIN2A and GRIN2B on developmental processes underlying learning and memory as well as other neurological functions in children and demonstrate, further, modification of Pb effects on these processes by specific variants of both GRIN2A and GRIN2B genes. These observations highlight the importance of genetic factors in defining susceptibility to Pb neurotoxicity and may have important public health implications for future strategies aimed at protecting children and adolescents from potential health risks associated with low-level Pb exposure.